Prospects of botanical pesticides in management of Iroko gall bug, Phytolyma fusca (Hemiptera, Psylloidea) under laboratory and field conditions

Abstract Background Iroko gall bug, Phytolyma fusca Walker, is a major insect pest of Milicia excelsa (Iroko) seedling hampering its propagation in West Africa. an indigenous forest timber tree the tropical rain Africa with very high value international trade due to wood quality. Sustainable management P . infestations on seedlings have not been achieved their cryptic nature and multivoltine generations. This study evaluated residual contact effects crude ethanol aqueous extracts four plants ( Azadirachta indica , Jatropha curcas Piper guineense Aframomum melegueta ) adult laboratory field. Results All had insects at 75% 100% concentrations applications. A gave 80–100% mortality both laboratory; efficacies were comparable cypermethrin. The more effective than other protecting against They significantly p < 0.01) reduced infestation compared control. Ethanol tested plant materials Conclusion results proved that potent promising they can be used early